What is soft Pastel?
Artist quality soft pastel is often described as chalk which is not correct. These two substances are very different. The familiar board chalk is a limestone substance with lots of filler making it cheap to purchase unlike soft pastel's which can cost on average $3.00 - $10.00 a color stick for which a serious pastel artist would have organized drawers full of many brands and colors.
Artist quality soft pastel is made from ground, dry, 99% aprox. pure pigments. The soft pastels are mainly used as pure pigments with a minimum of binders added to make a paste that is either hand or machine rolled into different sizes of round & square sticks, blocks & pots each depending on the brand of pastel.
Each soft pastel brand has unique mixtures of pigments creating their own blends of colors while also having it's own action and expression while applying the pastel to a surface. Every brand of pastel is like using different styles of brushes with liquid mediums usually added to oil, watercolor, & acrylic paint to alter its results. Unison & Sennelier pastels are great for glazing techniques, Rembrandt pastels are harder so used for detailing and drawing abilities, Schminke pastel is very buttery to touch and leaves a chunky surface style called impasto for a painterly final layer.
You might wonder how pastel ages versus oil, watercolor, and acrylic paintings? Pastels have been used by many artists since the 16th century. Cave man was the first to try out this chalky art medium for their cave graffiti. Pastel is the most permanent of all painting mediums because it is not diluted nor mixed with substances that will fade, crack, or darken over time like oils , watercolors & acrylic.
Some care is essential for pastel preservation such as using glass (regular or UV) with framing and not Plexiglas as it causes the pastel particles to become static electricity. Do not place a pastel painting (or any original art) in direct sunlight because of moisture sweating under the glass and the sun bleaches while destroying everything in it's path.
When transporting your pastel painting try not to bang it sharply as this will slightly loosen some pastel particles which you can decide to replace the matting with new matting or live with it. There is a more expensive style of double matting with a space designed at the bottom of the painting for pastel particles to fall in behind. This is done by professional framers who have worked with original works of art and know how to handle pastel paintings. Always keep the pastel painting facing upwards when it is being transported.
There is a world wide revival of artists using soft pastels demonstrating exquisite qualities to make of any expression, subject and style. Pastels have a wonderful ability for the making of multi-media paintings using them in conjunction with oils, acrylics, inks, pencil, conte, watercolor, etc.
Art history demonstrates the art masters who have painted many subjects and styles in pastel: Rosalba Carriera, Watteau, Copley, Delacroix, Millet, Renoir, Toulouse Latrec, Vuillard, Bonnard, Glackens, Whistler, Hassam, William Merritt Chase, LaTour Chardin, Edgar Degas, Mary Cassat, Berthe Morisot, etc.
History & Methods of Oil Painting
Oil Paint has gone through many challenges and changes since the end of the Roman Empire. The types of oils used in the mixtures of oil paint depended on the local availability of oils. Each artist would experiment & develop oil formulas usually keeping it as their trade secret. Ancient Greece and Italy used their abundant olive oil supply while the Japanese during the 8th century used perilla oil. A 14th century Italian oil painter, Cennino d'Andrea Cennini (c. 1370 – c. 1440) used a style of tempera painting (pigments mixed with egg yolk) adding a glazing of oil after each layer to create a luminous effect.
How oil dries is most important to the artist using oil paints. Each type of oil brings its own unique attributes to the preservation, luminous quality and drying time for the oil painting. Some of the oils used are: flax, walnut, poppy seed, linseed, Tung, oiticca, soybean, and perilla oil. These would be mixed in with fine ground mineral pigments, cooked and mixed with other additives such as lead oxide, turpentine, marogar (lead dryer,) etc. The ideal medium mixture remains colorless not interfering with the color of the pigment while also giving lasting permanence.
Oil paint needs to be applied to a prepared gesso surface (canvas, wood, paper) not only for even texture but also to seal it so that the oils do not penetrate the fibers eventually prematurely aging and eventually rotting the painting. Gesso is Italian for gypsum (calcium sulphate dehydrate). Gesso has been used on wood panels by medieval painters to seal the surface while giving an even smooth surface for the application of oil paints and gold gilding techniques. Many artists today use acrylic polymer primer which has been given the name ‘gesso’ to associate with traditional gesso.
The artists Rembrandt and Rubens used the indirect painting method with each layer of oil paint building in to a rich glowing painting. Indirect painting requires ‘fat over lean’ meaning the initial layer is thinned with paint thinner and no oil mediums are used for the first stage of the painting process. The painter then adds only a minimal amount of oil medium. The final layer has much more oil medium giving the surface and reflection of colors a dimensional glowing glaze. The reason for the rule ‘fat over lean’ is to reduce the amount of crackling that occurs over time because of the variety of painting layers drying at different speeds depending on the amount of oil in each layer of paint.
Oil paintings can take 3 months to 2 years to dry and only then can it be varnished to protect the painting for longevity and preservation. Over many years, an oil painting will change in appreances caused by the collecting dust, smoke, and the chemical changes of the oils and mediums. To clean and revarnish an oil painting, you must find a qulaified person who can strip the old varnish off, maybe making some repairs of chips or cracks, then will revarnish the oil painting making it look as new as the day the painter painted it.
Direct painting was the method Impressionist artists used to create a painting in a single sitting. The Impressionist painters like Vincent Van Gogh, Paul Gauguin &Toulouse-Lautrec broke all the rules of academic painting by using mostly opaque colors while leaving thicker brush strokes of pure paint creating textural layers to the surface. The studio used to be where the artist painted but the impressionist painter decided to take it outdoors (called en plein air) and to public places where the painting was mostly created within a few hours and maybe touched up once back at the studio. Unlike the indirect painting method that could take months to years to complete.